Summary of the Danish Health Authority (Sundhedsstyrelsen) article: “Tab af muskelfunktion og muskelmasse – sarkopeni og effekten af fysisk træning”
What is sarcopenia?
Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical functionality, which often accelerates after the age of 50–60. If left untreated, it can lead to reduced independence and an increased risk of disease and fall-related injuries. Although sarcopenia typically affects older individuals, it can also occur in younger people as a result of illness, malnutrition, or immobilization.
How is sarcopenia diagnosed?
A central aspect of diagnosing sarcopenia is the measurement of muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional capacity. One of the most precise and widely used methods for assessing muscle mass is Dexa scanning (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry). Dexa scans are used to measure lean body mass, including the so-called appendicular lean mass (ALM), which is the total muscle mass in the arms and legs. This measure is particularly relevant, as loss of muscle mass in these regions is closely associated with reduced functionality.
Dexa scans are quick, precise, and involve minimal radiation, making them a practical tool both in research and clinical practice. In the absence of DEXA scanners, other methods such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can be used as an alternative, but DEXA remains the gold standard in many sarcopenia studies.
Consequences of sarcopenia
Sarcopenia has far-reaching consequences, including:
- Increased mortality and morbidity: Sarcopenia is associated with higher mortality and more complications of disease.
- Impaired functional ability: Weakening of muscle strength and balance leads to problems with everyday activities such as climbing stairs or getting up from a chair.
- Increased risk of falls: Loss of explosive muscle strength and motor skills increases the risk of serious fall injuries.
Treatment options
The most effective treatment for sarcopenia is progressive strength training. Studies show that strength training can significantly improve muscle strength and function, even in the elderly. Nutrition also plays an important role, especially adequate protein intake can amplify the effects of training.
Although medical treatments have been tried, they have not yet proven effective in improving both muscle strength and functional ability. Therefore, exercise and nutrition remain the primary intervention methods.
Prevention and early intervention
Early detection of sarcopenia is crucial to prevent serious loss of function. Danish researchers have introduced screening tools such as hand grip strength and the 30-second sit-to-stand test to identify at-risk groups early. Combining these tests with DEXA scans can provide a complete picture of muscle condition and target prevention and treatment.
Conclusion
Sarcopenia is a significant challenge, but with the right tools and methods, the condition can be both prevented and treated. DEXA scans play a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring sarcopenia, while strength training and nutrition provide effective solutions to maintain muscle strength and function. By acting early, we can ensure that more older people remain active and independent throughout their lives.
